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Polynomial Vocabulary & Standard Form

A polynomial is a sum of terms like 2x54x3+9x62x^5 - 4x^3 + 9x - 6. Standard form lines those terms up from the highest power of xx down to the constant.

Putting a polynomial in standard form makes its degree and leading coefficient easy to read — and those two features drive everything from end behavior to the number of roots.

Standard form and degree

Standard form writes terms in order of decreasing exponent. The degree is the highest exponent; the leading coefficient is the number in front of that highest-degree term.

For 2x54x3+9x62x^5 - 4x^3 + 9x - 6, the degree is 55 and the leading coefficient is 22. A constant term has degree zero.

Naming polynomials

Polynomials are named by degree — linear (1), quadratic (2), cubic (3), quartic (4) — and by number of terms — monomial, binomial, trinomial.

Rearranging a scrambled polynomial into standard form is usually the first step of any problem, so it becomes automatic.

Worked examples

Example 1: standard form

Write 9x4x3+2x569x - 4x^3 + 2x^5 - 6 in standard form.

Order by decreasing exponent2x54x3+9x62x^5 - 4x^3 + 9x - 6

Answer: 2x54x3+9x62x^5 - 4x^3 + 9x - 6

Example 2: degree and leading coefficient

Give the degree and leading coefficient of 2x54x3+9x62x^5 - 4x^3 + 9x - 6.

Highest exponent is the degree55
Coefficient of that term22

Answer: Degree 55, leading coefficient 22

Example 3: naming by degree and number of terms

Name 3x27x+43x^2 - 7x + 4 by its degree and by its number of terms.

Degree gives the first name2quadratic2 \to \text{quadratic}
Count the terms for the second name3trinomial3 \to \text{trinomial}

Answer: A quadratic trinomial

Try one yourself

Common questions

What is standard form?

Terms written from highest degree to lowest. It makes the degree and leading coefficient easy to spot.

What is the degree of a polynomial?

The largest exponent on the variable. A constant has degree zero, and a linear term has degree one.

What is the leading coefficient?

The number multiplying the highest-degree term. In 2x54x32x^5 - 4x^3, it is 22.

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